package net.borderwars.util;

/**
 * <p>Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.</p>
 * <p>Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.</p>
 * <p/>
 * <p/>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug
 * when using very small files (~< 40 bytes).</li>
 * <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from
 * one file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
 * encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64 dialects:
 * <ol>
 * <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
 * http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as described
 * in http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
 * </ol>
 * Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a>
 * for contributing the new Base64 dialects.
 * </li>
 * <p/>
 * <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods. Added
 * some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
 * <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on systems
 * with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
 * <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the
 * encoded keys was a single byte.</li>
 * <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options.
 * Now everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects
 * when keys that's being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it
 * automatically. Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to
 * change some method calls that you were making to support the new
 * options format (<tt>int</tt>s that you "OR" together).</li>
 * <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a
 * byte[] using <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>.
 * Added the ability to "suspend" encoding in the Output Stream so
 * you can turn on and off the encoding if you need to embed base64
 * keys in an otherwise "normal" stream (like an XML file).</li>
 * <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything itself.
 * This helps when using GZIP streams.
 * Added the ability to GZip-compress objects before encoding them.</li>
 * <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream
 * where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p/>
 * <p/>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will.
 * This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with
 * plenty of well-wishing instead!
 * Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>
 * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 *
 * @author Robert Harder
 * @author rob@iharder.net
 * @version 2.2.1
 */
public class Base64 {

/* ********  P U B L I C   F I E L D S  ******** */

    /**
     * No options specified. Value is zero.
     */
    public final static int NO_OPTIONS = 0;

    /**
     * Specify encoding.
     */
    public final static int ENCODE = 1;

    /**
     * Specify decoding.
     */
    public final static int DECODE = 0;

    /**
     * Specify that keys should be gzip-compressed.
     */
    public final static int GZIP = 2;

    /**
     * Don't break lines when encoding (violates strict Base64 specification)
     */
    public final static int DONT_BREAK_LINES = 8;

    /**
     * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as described
     * in Section 4 of RFC3548:
     * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
     * It is important to note that keys encoded this way is <em>not</em> officially valid Base64,
     * or at the very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is
     * was encoded using the URL- and Filename-safe dialect.
     */
    public final static int URL_SAFE = 16;

    /**
     * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here:
     * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
     */
    public final static int ORDERED = 32;

/* ********  P R I V A T E   F I E L D S  ******** */

    /**
     * Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output.
     */
    private final static int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;

    /**
     * The equals sign (=) as a byte.
     */
    private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';

    /**
     * The new line character (\n) as a byte.
     */
    private final static byte NEW_LINE = (byte) '\n';

    /**
     * Preferred encoding.
     */
    private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "UTF-8";

    // I think I end up not using the BAD_ENCODING indicator.
    //private final static byte BAD_ENCODING    = -9; // Indicates error in encoding
    private final static byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding
    private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding

/* ********  S T A N D A R D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

    /**
     * The 64 valid Base64 values.
     */
    //private final static byte[] ALPHABET;
    /* Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these values. */
    private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET =
            {
                    (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
                    (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
                    (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
                    (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
                    (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
                    (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
                    (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
                    (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
                    (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
                    (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '+', (byte) '/'
            };

    /**
     * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value
     * or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
     */
    private final static byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET =
            {
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
                    -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
                    -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
                    62,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 44 - 46
                    63,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
                    52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,              // Numbers zero through nine
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
                    -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
                    -9, -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 62 - 64
                    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
                    14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                          // Decimal 91 - 96
                    26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
                    39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
                    /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
            };

/* ********  U R L   S A F E   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

    /**
     * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of RFC3548:
     * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
     * Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen" and "underscore" instead of "plus" and "slash."
     */
    private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET =
            {
                    (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
                    (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
                    (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
                    (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
                    (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
                    (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
                    (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
                    (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
                    (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
                    (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '-', (byte) '_'
            };

    /**
     * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
     */
    private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET =
            {
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
                    -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
                    -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
                    -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 44
                    62,                                         // Minus sign at decimal 45
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 46
                    -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
                    52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,              // Numbers zero through nine
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
                    -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
                    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
                    14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
                    63,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 96
                    26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
                    39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
                    /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
            };

/* ********  O R D E R E D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

    /**
     * I don't get the point of this technique, but it is described here:
     * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
     */
    private final static byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET =
            {
                    (byte) '-',
                    (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4',
                    (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
                    (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
                    (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
                    (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
                    (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
                    (byte) '_',
                    (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
                    (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
                    (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
                    (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z'
            };

    /**
     * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
     */
    private final static byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET =
            {
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
                    -5, -5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
                    -9, -9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
                    -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
                    -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
                    -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 44
                    0,                                          // Minus sign at decimal 45
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 46
                    -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
                    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,                       // Numbers zero through nine
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
                    -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
                    -9, -9, -9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
                    11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,     // Letters 'A' through 'M'
                    24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,     // Letters 'N' through 'Z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
                    37,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
                    -9,                                         // Decimal 96
                    38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
                    51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
                    -9, -9, -9, -9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
                    /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
            };

/* ********  D E T E R M I N E   W H I C H   A L H A B E T  ******** */

    /**
     * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on
     * the options specified.
     * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URLSAFE
     * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
     * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
     */
    private final static byte[] getAlphabet (int options) {
        if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) return _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
        else
            if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) return _ORDERED_ALPHABET;
            else return _STANDARD_ALPHABET;

    }    // end getAlphabet

    /**
     * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on
     * the options specified.
     * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URL_SAFE
     * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
     * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
     */
    private final static byte[] getDecodabet (int options) {
        if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) return _URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
        else
            if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) return _ORDERED_DECODABET;
            else return _STANDARD_DECODABET;

    }    // end getAlphabet

    /**
     * Defeats instantiation.
     */
    private Base64 () {
    }

    /**
     * Encodes or decodes two files from the command line;
     * <strong>feel free to delete this method (in fact you probably should)
     * if you're embedding this code into a larger program.</strong>
     */
    public final static void main (String[] args) {
        if (args.length < 3) {
            usage ("Not enough arguments.");
        }   // end if: args.length < 3
        else {
            String flag = args[0];
            String infile = args[1];
            String outfile = args[2];
            if (flag.equals ("-e")) {
                Base64.encodeFileToFile (infile, outfile);
            }   // end if: encode
            else
                if (flag.equals ("-d")) {
                    Base64.decodeFileToFile (infile, outfile);
                }   // end else if: decode
                else {
                    usage ("Unknown flag: " + flag);
                }   // end else
        }   // end else
    }   // end main

    /**
     * Prints command line usage.
     *
     * @param msg A message to include with usage info.
     */
    private final static void usage (String msg) {
        System.err.println (msg);
        System.err.println ("Usage: java Base64 -e|-d inputfile outputfile");
    }   // end usage

/* ********  E N C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */

    /**
     * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
     * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
     * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
     * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
     * The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
     * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
     * Code can reuse a byte array by passing a four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
     *
     * @param b4          A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
     * @param threeBytes  the array to convert
     * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
     * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
     * @since 1.5.1
     */
    private static byte[] encode3to4 (byte[] b4, byte[] threeBytes, int numSigBytes, int options) {
        encode3to4 (threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options);
        return b4;
    }   // end encode3to4

    /**
     * <p>Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var>
     * and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>.
     * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
     * anywhere along their length by specifying
     * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
     * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
     * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for
     * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for
     * the <var>destination</var> array.
     * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
     * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.</p>
     * <p>This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with
     * all possible parameters.</p>
     *
     * @param source      the array to convert
     * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
     * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
     * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
     * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
     * @return the <var>destination</var> array
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static byte[] encode3to4 (
            byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes,
            byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {
        byte[] ALPHABET = getAlphabet (options);

        //           1         2         3
        // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
        // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
        // --------|    ||    ||    ||    | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
        //          >>18  >>12  >> 6  >> 0  Right shift necessary
        //                0x3f  0x3f  0x3f  Additional AND

        // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
        // significant bytes passed in the array.
        // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
        // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
        int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
                | (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
                | (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);

        switch (numSigBytes) {
            case 3:
                destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
                destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
                destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
                destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
                return destination;

            case 2:
                destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
                destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
                destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
                destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                return destination;

            case 1:
                destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
                destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
                destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                return destination;

            default:
                return destination;
        }   // end switch
    }   // end encode3to4

    /**
     * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
     * version of that serialized object. If the object
     * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
     * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
     * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
     *
     * @param serializableObject The object to encode
     * @return The Base64-encoded object
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeObject (java.io.Serializable serializableObject) {
        return encodeObject (serializableObject, NO_OPTIONS);
    }   // end encodeObject

    /**
     * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
     * version of that serialized object. If the object
     * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
     * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
     * <p/>
     * Valid options:<pre>
     *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
     *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
     *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
     * </pre>
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
     *
     * @param serializableObject The object to encode
     * @param options            Specified options
     * @return The Base64-encoded object
     * @see Base64#GZIP
     * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String encodeObject (java.io.Serializable serializableObject, int options) {
        // Streams
        java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
        java.io.OutputStream b64os = null;
        java.io.ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
        java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;

        // Isolate options
        int gzip = (options & GZIP);
        int dontBreakLines = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES);

        try {
            // ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
            baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream ();
            b64os = new Base64.OutputStream (baos, ENCODE | options);

            // GZip?
            if (gzip == GZIP) {
                gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream (b64os);
                oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream (gzos);
            }   // end if: gzip
            else
                oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream (b64os);

            oos.writeObject (serializableObject);
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace ();
            return null;
        }   // end catch
        finally {
            try {
                oos.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
                gzos.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
                b64os.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
                baos.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        // Return value according to relevant encoding.
        try {
            return new String (baos.toByteArray (), PREFERRED_ENCODING);
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
            return new String (baos.toByteArray ());
        }   // end catch

    }   // end encode

    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * Does not GZip-compress keys.
     *
     * @param source The keys to convert
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes (byte[] source) {
        return encodeBytes (source, 0, source.length, NO_OPTIONS);
    }   // end encodeBytes

    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * <p/>
     * Valid options:<pre>
     *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
     *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
     *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
     * </pre>
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
     *
     * @param source  The keys to convert
     * @param options Specified options
     * @see Base64#GZIP
     * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String encodeBytes (byte[] source, int options) {
        return encodeBytes (source, 0, source.length, options);
    }   // end encodeBytes

    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * Does not GZip-compress keys.
     *
     * @param source The keys to convert
     * @param off    Offset in array where conversion should begin
     * @param len    Length of keys to convert
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes (byte[] source, int off, int len) {
        return encodeBytes (source, off, len, NO_OPTIONS);
    }   // end encodeBytes

    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * <p/>
     * Valid options:<pre>
     *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
     *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
     *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
     * </pre>
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
     * <p/>
     * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
     *
     * @param source  The keys to convert
     * @param off     Offset in array where conversion should begin
     * @param len     Length of keys to convert
     * @param options Specified options
     * @param options alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
     * @see Base64#GZIP
     * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String encodeBytes (byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) {
        // Isolate options
        int dontBreakLines = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES);
        int gzip = (options & GZIP);

        // Compress?
        if (gzip == GZIP) {
            java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
            java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
            Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;

            try {
                // GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
                baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream ();
                b64os = new Base64.OutputStream (baos, ENCODE | options);
                gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream (b64os);

                gzos.write (source, off, len);
                gzos.close ();
            }   // end try
            catch (java.io.IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace ();
                return null;
            }   // end catch
            finally {
                try {
                    gzos.close ();
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
                }
                try {
                    b64os.close ();
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
                }
                try {
                    baos.close ();
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
                }
            }   // end finally

            // Return value according to relevant encoding.
            try {
                return new String (baos.toByteArray (), PREFERRED_ENCODING);
            }   // end try
            catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
                return new String (baos.toByteArray ());
            }   // end catch
        }   // end if: compress

        // Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
        else {
            // Convert option to boolean in way that code likes it.
            boolean breakLines = dontBreakLines == 0;

            int len43 = len * 4 / 3;
            byte[] outBuff = new byte[(len43)                      // Main 4:3
                    + ((len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0)      // Account for padding
                    + (breakLines ? (len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH) : 0)]; // New lines
            int d = 0;
            int e = 0;
            int len2 = len - 2;
            int lineLength = 0;
            for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4) {
                encode3to4 (source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e, options);

                lineLength += 4;
                if (breakLines && lineLength == MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
                    outBuff[e + 4] = NEW_LINE;
                    e++;
                    lineLength = 0;
                }   // end if: end of line
            }   // en dfor: each piece of array

            if (d < len) {
                encode3to4 (source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e, options);
                e += 4;
            }   // end if: some padding needed

            // Return value according to relevant encoding.
            try {
                return new String (outBuff, 0, e, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
            }   // end try
            catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
                return new String (outBuff, 0, e);
            }   // end catch

        }   // end else: don't compress

    }   // end encodeBytes

/* ********  D E C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */

    /**
     * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var>
     * and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them)
     * to <var>destination</var>.
     * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
     * anywhere along their length by specifying
     * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
     * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
     * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for
     * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
     * the <var>destination</var> array.
     * This method returns the actual number of bytes that
     * were converted from the Base64 encoding.
     * <p>This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with
     * all possible parameters.</p>
     *
     * @param source      the array to convert
     * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
     * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
     * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
     * @param options     alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
     * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static int decode4to3 (byte[] source, int srcOffset, byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {
        byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet (options);

        // Example: Dk==
        if (source[srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
            // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
            //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
            int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                    | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12);

            destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
            return 1;
        }

        // Example: DkL=
        else
            if (source[srcOffset + 3] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
                // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
                //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
                //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
                //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
                int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                        | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
                        | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6);

                destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
                destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 8);
                return 2;
            }

            // Example: DkLE
            else {
                try {
                    // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
                    //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
                    //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
                    //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
                    //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
                    int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
                            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
                            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6)
                            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]] & 0xFF));

                    destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >> 16);
                    destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >> 8);
                    destination[destOffset + 2] = (byte) (outBuff);

                    return 3;
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
                    System.out.println ("" + source[srcOffset] + ": " + (DECODABET[source[srcOffset]]));
                    System.out.println ("" + source[srcOffset + 1] + ": " + (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]]));
                    System.out.println ("" + source[srcOffset + 2] + ": " + (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]]));
                    System.out.println ("" + source[srcOffset + 3] + ": " + (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]]));
                    return -1;
                }   // end catch
            }
    }   // end decodeToBytes

    /**
     * Very low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in
     * the form of a byte array. Does not support automatically
     * gunzipping or any other "fancy" features.
     *
     * @param source The Base64 encoded keys
     * @param off    The offset of where to begin decoding
     * @param len    The length of characters to decode
     * @return decoded keys
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static byte[] decode (byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) {
        byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet (options);

        int len34 = len * 3 / 4;
        byte[] outBuff = new byte[len34]; // Upper limit on size of output
        int outBuffPosn = 0;

        byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
        int b4Posn = 0;
        int i = 0;
        byte sbiCrop = 0;
        byte sbiDecode = 0;
        for (i = off; i < off + len; i++) {
            sbiCrop = (byte) (source[i] & 0x7f); // Only the low seven bits
            sbiDecode = DECODABET[sbiCrop];

            if (sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC) // White space, Equals sign or better
            {
                if (sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC) {
                    b4[b4Posn++] = sbiCrop;
                    if (b4Posn > 3) {
                        outBuffPosn += decode4to3 (b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn, options);
                        b4Posn = 0;

                        // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                        if (sbiCrop == EQUALS_SIGN)
                            break;
                    }   // end if: quartet built

                }   // end if: equals sign or better

            }   // end if: white space, equals sign or better
            else {
                System.err.println ("Bad Base64 input character at " + i + ": " + source[i] + "(decimal)");
                return null;
            }   // end else:
        }   // each input character

        byte[] out = new byte[outBuffPosn];
        System.arraycopy (outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn);
        return out;
    }   // end decode

    /**
     * Decodes keys from Base64 notation, automatically
     * detecting gzip-compressed keys and decompressing it.
     *
     * @param s the string to decode
     * @return the decoded keys
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] decode (String s) {
        return decode (s, NO_OPTIONS);
    }

    /**
     * Decodes keys from Base64 notation, automatically
     * detecting gzip-compressed keys and decompressing it.
     *
     * @param s       the string to decode
     * @param options encode options such as URL_SAFE
     * @return the decoded keys
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] decode (String s, int options) {
        byte[] bytes;
        try {
            bytes = s.getBytes (PREFERRED_ENCODING);
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
            bytes = s.getBytes ();
        }   // end catch
        //</change>

        // Decode
        bytes = decode (bytes, 0, bytes.length, options);

        // Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
        // GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
        if (bytes != null && bytes.length >= 4) {

            int head = ((int) bytes[0] & 0xff) | ((bytes[1] << 8) & 0xff00);
            if (java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head) {
                java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
                java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
                java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
                byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
                int length = 0;

                try {
                    baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream ();
                    bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream (bytes);
                    gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream (bais);

                    while ((length = gzis.read (buffer)) >= 0) {
                        baos.write (buffer, 0, length);
                    }   // end while: reading input

                    // No error? Get new bytes.
                    bytes = baos.toByteArray ();

                }   // end try
                catch (java.io.IOException e) {
                    // Just return originally-decoded bytes
                }   // end catch
                finally {
                    try {
                        baos.close ();
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) {
                    }
                    try {
                        gzis.close ();
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) {
                    }
                    try {
                        bais.close ();
                    }
                    catch (Exception e) {
                    }
                }   // end finally

            }   // end if: gzipped
        }   // end if: bytes.length >= 2

        return bytes;
    }   // end decode

    /**
     * Attempts to decode Base64 keys and deserialize a Java
     * Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
     *
     * @param encodedObject The Base64 keys to decode
     * @return The decoded and deserialized object
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static Object decodeToObject (String encodedObject) {
        // Decode and gunzip if necessary
        byte[] objBytes = decode (encodedObject);

        java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
        java.io.ObjectInputStream ois = null;
        Object obj = null;

        try {
            bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream (objBytes);
            ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream (bais);

            obj = ois.readObject ();
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace ();
            obj = null;
        }   // end catch
        catch (java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace ();
            obj = null;
        }   // end catch
        finally {
            try {
                bais.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
                ois.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        return obj;
    }   // end decodeObject

    /**
     * Convenience method for encoding keys to a file.
     *
     * @param dataToEncode byte array of keys to encode in base64 form
     * @param filename     Filename for saving encoded keys
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static boolean encodeToFile (byte[] dataToEncode, String filename) {
        boolean success = false;
        Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
        try {
            bos = new Base64.OutputStream (
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream (filename), Base64.ENCODE);
            bos.write (dataToEncode);
            success = true;
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {

            success = false;
        }   // end catch: IOException
        finally {
            try {
                bos.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        return success;
    }   // end encodeToFile

    /**
     * Convenience method for decoding keys to a file.
     *
     * @param dataToDecode Base64-encoded keys as a string
     * @param filename     Filename for saving decoded keys
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static boolean decodeToFile (String dataToDecode, String filename) {
        boolean success = false;
        Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
        try {
            bos = new Base64.OutputStream (
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream (filename), Base64.DECODE);
            bos.write (dataToDecode.getBytes (PREFERRED_ENCODING));
            success = true;
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            success = false;
        }   // end catch: IOException
        finally {
            try {
                bos.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        return success;
    }   // end decodeToFile

    /**
     * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded
     * file and decoding it.
     *
     * @param filename Filename for reading encoded keys
     * @return decoded byte array or null if unsuccessful
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static byte[] decodeFromFile (String filename) {
        byte[] decodedData = null;
        Base64.InputStream bis = null;
        try {
            // Set up some useful variables
            java.io.File file = new java.io.File (filename);
            byte[] buffer = null;
            int length = 0;
            int numBytes = 0;

            // Check for size of file
            if (file.length () > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
                System.err.println ("File is too big for this convenience method (" + file.length () + " bytes).");
                return null;
            }   // end if: file too big for int index
            buffer = new byte[(int) file.length ()];

            // Open a stream
            bis = new Base64.InputStream (
                    new java.io.BufferedInputStream (
                            new java.io.FileInputStream (file)), Base64.DECODE);

            // Read until done
            while ((numBytes = bis.read (buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0)
                length += numBytes;

            // Save in a variable to return
            decodedData = new byte[length];
            System.arraycopy (buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length);

        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            System.err.println ("Error decoding from file " + filename);
        }   // end catch: IOException
        finally {
            try {
                bis.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        return decodedData;
    }   // end decodeFromFile

    /**
     * Convenience method for reading a binary file
     * and base64-encoding it.
     *
     * @param filename Filename for reading binary keys
     * @return base64-encoded string or null if unsuccessful
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String encodeFromFile (String filename) {
        String encodedData = null;
        Base64.InputStream bis = null;
        try {
            // Set up some useful variables
            java.io.File file = new java.io.File (filename);
            byte[] buffer = new byte[Math.max ((int) (file.length () * 1.4), 40)]; // Need max() for math on small files (v2.2.1)
            int length = 0;
            int numBytes = 0;

            // Open a stream
            bis = new Base64.InputStream (
                    new java.io.BufferedInputStream (
                            new java.io.FileInputStream (file)), Base64.ENCODE);

            // Read until done
            while ((numBytes = bis.read (buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0)
                length += numBytes;

            // Save in a variable to return
            encodedData = new String (buffer, 0, length, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            System.err.println ("Error encoding from file " + filename);
        }   // end catch: IOException
        finally {
            try {
                bis.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
        }   // end finally

        return encodedData;
    }   // end encodeFromFile

    /**
     * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
     *
     * @param infile  Input file
     * @param outfile Output file
     * @since 2.2
     */
    public static void encodeFileToFile (String infile, String outfile) {
        String encoded = Base64.encodeFromFile (infile);
        java.io.OutputStream out = null;
        try {
            out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream (
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream (outfile));
            out.write (encoded.getBytes ("US-ASCII")); // Strict, 7-bit output.
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace ();
        }   // end catch
        finally {
            try {
                out.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception ex) {
            }
        }   // end finally
    }   // end encodeFileToFile

    /**
     * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
     *
     * @param infile  Input file
     * @param outfile Output file
     * @since 2.2
     */
    public static void decodeFileToFile (String infile, String outfile) {
        byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeFromFile (infile);
        java.io.OutputStream out = null;
        try {
            out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream (
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream (outfile));
            out.write (decoded);
        }   // end try
        catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace ();
        }   // end catch
        finally {
            try {
                out.close ();
            }
            catch (Exception ex) {
            }
        }   // end finally
    }   // end decodeFileToFile

    /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   I N P U T S T R E A M  ******** */

    /**
     * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read keys from another
     * <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
     * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
     *
     * @see Base64
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream {
        private boolean encode;         // Encoding or decoding
        private int position;       // Current position in the buffer
        private byte[] buffer;         // Small buffer holding converted keys
        private int bufferLength;   // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
        private int numSigBytes;    // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
        private int lineLength;
        private boolean breakLines;     // Break lines at less than 80 characters
        private int options;        // Record options used to create the stream.
        private byte[] alphabet;        // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
        private byte[] decodabet;        // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read keys.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public InputStream (java.io.InputStream in) {
            this (in, DECODE);
        }   // end constructor

        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         * <p/>
         * Valid options:<pre>
         *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as keys is read.
         *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
         *     (only meaningful when encoding)
         *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
         * </pre>
         * <p/>
         * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
         *
         * @param in      the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read keys.
         * @param options Specified options
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
         * @since 2.0
         */
        public InputStream (java.io.InputStream in, int options) {
            super (in);
            this.breakLines = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES) != DONT_BREAK_LINES;
            this.encode = (options & ENCODE) == ENCODE;
            this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
            this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
            this.position = -1;
            this.lineLength = 0;
            this.options = options; // Record for later, mostly to determine which alphabet to use
            this.alphabet = getAlphabet (options);
            this.decodabet = getDecodabet (options);
        }   // end constructor

        /**
         * Reads enough of the input stream to convert
         * to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
         *
         * @return next byte
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public int read () throws java.io.IOException {
            // Do we need to get keys?
            if (position < 0) {
                if (encode) {
                    byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
                    int numBinaryBytes = 0;
                    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                        try {
                            int b = in.read ();

                            // If end of stream, b is -1.
                            if (b >= 0) {
                                b3[i] = (byte) b;
                                numBinaryBytes++;
                            }   // end if: not end of stream

                        }   // end try: read
                        catch (java.io.IOException e) {
                            // Only a problem if we got no keys at all.
                            if (i == 0)
                                throw e;

                        }   // end catch
                    }   // end for: each needed input byte

                    if (numBinaryBytes > 0) {
                        encode3to4 (b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options);
                        position = 0;
                        numSigBytes = 4;
                    }   // end if: got keys
                    else {
                        return -1;
                    }   // end else
                }   // end if: encoding

                // Else decoding
                else {
                    byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
                    int i = 0;
                    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                        // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                        int b = 0;
                        do {
                            b = in.read ();
                        }
                        while (b >= 0 && decodabet[b & 0x7f] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC);

                        if (b < 0)
                            break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream

                        b4[i] = (byte) b;
                    }   // end for: each needed input byte

                    if (i == 4) {
                        numSigBytes = decode4to3 (b4, 0, buffer, 0, options);
                        position = 0;
                    }   // end if: got four characters
                    else
                        if (i == 0) {
                            return -1;
                        }   // end else if: also padded correctly
                        else {
                            // Must have broken out from above.
                            throw new java.io.IOException ("Improperly padded Base64 input.");
                        }   // end

                }   // end else: decode
            }   // end else: get keys

            // Got keys?
            if (position >= 0) {
                // End of relevant keys?
                if ( /*!encode &&*/ position >= numSigBytes)
                    return -1;

                if (encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
                    lineLength = 0;
                    return '\n';
                }   // end if
                else {
                    lineLength++;   // This isn't important when decoding
                    // but throwing an extra "if" seems
                    // just as wasteful.

                    int b = buffer[position++];

                    if (position >= bufferLength)
                        position = -1;

                    return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
                    // intended to be unsigned.
                }   // end else
            }   // end if: position >= 0

            // Else error
            else {
                // When JDK1.4 is more accepted, use an assertion here.
                throw new java.io.IOException ("Error in Base64 code reading stream.");
            }   // end else
        }   // end read

        /**
         * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream
         * is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read.
         * Returns number of bytes read into array or -1 if
         * end of stream is encountered.
         *
         * @param dest array to hold values
         * @param off  offset for array
         * @param len  max number of bytes to read into array
         * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public int read (byte[] dest, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException {
            int i;
            int b;
            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                b = read ();

                //if( b < 0 && i == 0 )
                //    return -1;

                if (b >= 0)
                    dest[off + i] = (byte) b;
                else
                    if (i == 0)
                        return -1;
                    else
                        break; // Out of 'for' loop
            }   // end for: each byte read
            return i;
        }   // end read

    }   // end inner class InputStream

    /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   O U T P U T S T R E A M  ******** */

    /**
     * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write keys to another
     * <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
     * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
     *
     * @see Base64
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream {
        private boolean encode;
        private int position;
        private byte[] buffer;
        private int bufferLength;
        private int lineLength;
        private boolean breakLines;
        private byte[] b4; // Scratch used in a few places
        private boolean suspendEncoding;
        private int options; // Record for later
        private byte[] alphabet;        // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
        private byte[] decodabet;        // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
         *
         * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which keys will be written.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public OutputStream (java.io.OutputStream out) {
            this (out, ENCODE);
        }   // end constructor

        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         * <p/>
         * Valid options:<pre>
         *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as keys is read.
         *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
         *     (only meaningful when encoding)
         *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
         * </pre>
         * <p/>
         * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
         *
         * @param out     the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which keys will be written.
         * @param options Specified options.
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public OutputStream (java.io.OutputStream out, int options) {
            super (out);
            this.breakLines = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES) != DONT_BREAK_LINES;
            this.encode = (options & ENCODE) == ENCODE;
            this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
            this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
            this.position = 0;
            this.lineLength = 0;
            this.suspendEncoding = false;
            this.b4 = new byte[4];
            this.options = options;
            this.alphabet = getAlphabet (options);
            this.decodabet = getDecodabet (options);
        }   // end constructor

        /**
         * Writes the byte to the output stream after
         * converting to/from Base64 notation.
         * When encoding, bytes are buffered three
         * at a time before the output stream actually
         * gets a write() call.
         * When decoding, bytes are buffered four
         * at a time.
         *
         * @param theByte the byte to write
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void write (int theByte) throws java.io.IOException {
            // Encoding suspended?
            if (suspendEncoding) {
                super.out.write (theByte);
                return;
            }   // end if: supsended

            // Encode?
            if (encode) {
                buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
                if (position >= bufferLength)  // Enough to encode.
                {
                    out.write (encode3to4 (b4, buffer, bufferLength, options));

                    lineLength += 4;
                    if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
                        out.write (NEW_LINE);
                        lineLength = 0;
                    }   // end if: end of line

                    position = 0;
                }   // end if: enough to output
            }   // end if: encoding

            // Else, Decoding
            else {
                // Meaningful Base64 character?
                if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
                    buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
                    if (position >= bufferLength)  // Enough to output.
                    {
                        int len = Base64.decode4to3 (buffer, 0, b4, 0, options);
                        out.write (b4, 0, len);
                        //out.write( Base64.decode4to3( buffer ) );
                        position = 0;
                    }   // end if: enough to output
                }   // end if: meaningful base64 character
                else
                    if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
                        throw new java.io.IOException ("Invalid character in Base64 keys.");
                    }   // end else: not white space either
            }   // end else: decoding
        }   // end write

        /**
         * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var>
         * bytes are written.
         *
         * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
         * @param off      offset for array
         * @param len      max number of bytes to read into array
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void write (byte[] theBytes, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException {
            // Encoding suspended?
            if (suspendEncoding) {
                super.out.write (theBytes, off, len);
                return;
            }   // end if: supsended

            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                write (theBytes[off + i]);
            }   // end for: each byte written

        }   // end write

        /**
         * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob]
         * This pads the buffer without closing the stream.
         */
        public void flushBase64 () throws java.io.IOException {
            if (position > 0) {
                if (encode) {
                    out.write (encode3to4 (b4, buffer, position, options));
                    position = 0;
                }   // end if: encoding
                else {
                    throw new java.io.IOException ("Base64 input not properly padded.");
                }   // end else: decoding
            }   // end if: buffer partially full

        }   // end flush

        /**
         * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream.
         *
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void close () throws java.io.IOException {
            // 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
            flushBase64 ();

            // 2. Actually close the stream
            // Base class both flushes and closes.
            super.close ();

            buffer = null;
            out = null;
        }   // end close

        /**
         * Suspends encoding of the stream.
         * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
         * base640-encoded keys in a stream.
         *
         * @since 1.5.1
         */
        public void suspendEncoding () throws java.io.IOException {
            flushBase64 ();
            this.suspendEncoding = true;
        }   // end suspendEncoding

        /**
         * Resumes encoding of the stream.
         * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
         * base640-encoded keys in a stream.
         *
         * @since 1.5.1
         */
        public void resumeEncoding () {
            this.suspendEncoding = false;
        }   // end resumeEncoding

    }   // end inner class OutputStream

}   // end class Base64
